The U.S. economy has sailed through some rapids this year, but now faces the risk of a confluence of risks that could create more turbulence for the economy. The list of risks facing the economy this fall includes a widening strike by auto workers, a prolonged government shutdown, the resumption of student loan payments and rising oil prices.
Each of these challenges won't do much harm on its own. But the combination of these factors could be even more damaging, especially with high interest rates already cooling the U.S. economy.
One threat to the economy is a wider and longer strike by the United Auto Workers union against Detroit's three carmakers. The UAW president recently said the strike would expand to 38 General Motors (GM) and Stellantis parts distribution centers in 20 states. The limited strike is expected to have little initial impact, but a wider lockout could curb car production and push up prices. Workers at auto parts suppliers could also lose their jobs.
The next twist could be a partial shutdown of U.S. government agencies. Congress has until the end of September to agree on a government budget. For now, lawmakers are deeply divided. If lawmakers fail to reach a deal, furloughs will be imposed on all but the most essential workers to keep the government running, putting as many as 800,000 Americans out of work. Those workers may reduce their spending during the shutdown, and government departments may temporarily cut back on purchases of goods and services.
In December 2018, a similar congressional standoff led to a five-week partial shutdown that kept funding for some agencies and left others without money. About 300,000 federal workers were furloughed. That shutdown reduced US economic output by 0.1 per cent in the fourth quarter of 2018 and 0.2 per cent in the first quarter of 2019.
Another factor is the resumption of federal student loan payments on October 1. Wells Fargo estimates that restarting student loan payments could take about $100 billion out of Americans' pockets over the next year. This will be the first payment many borrowers have made since March 2020, when the Education Department suspended their payments to help ease the financial impact of the coronavirus pandemic. As the economy rebounds, the move allows people to spend their money elsewhere, helping to boost growth. The tens of millions of student loan borrowers affected have monthly payments averaging between $200 and $300 each. While that's a relatively small share of the $18 trillion in annual U.S. consumer spending, it still worries Wal-Mart, Target and other big retailers.
Rising gasoline prices add to those pressures. Brent crude has been hovering above $90 a barrel for the past few days, compared with just over $70 this summer. According to the Labor Department, gasoline prices surged 10.6 percent in August from a month earlier, the biggest one-month increase since June 2022. That led to a second straight month of slightly higher CPI after last year's downward trend. Gasoline prices remained mostly higher in September.
Rising energy costs have the same impact as paying off student loans, cutting into Americans' budgets for eating out, holiday gifts and other discretionary purchases. Higher energy costs can also affect the price of goods and services manufactured, shipped or airlifted. Airfares rose nearly 5% in August. Persistent inflation could put pressure on the Federal Reserve to keep interest rates higher for longer to further cool the U.S. economy.
How government agencies resolve the risks brought by the combination of these four risks will determine the future trend of the US economy for some time to come, let us wait and see.
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